Pharmacology

The purpose I share my medical syllabus during my era is to help me know the topic should I revise during my free time to improve my medical knowledge and to give an idea for future medical students about the topic they would learn in medical school.

Topic of Pharmacology discussed during my time in Medical School:

A. LECTURE:

1. 1st semester:

a. Basic Science in Medicine (Diagnosis and Therapy/ Intervention at Cellular/ Molecular Level):

- Pharmacotherapy: Basic principle of Pharmacology, Basic principle of Pharmacokinetic, Basic principle of Pharmacodynamic, Pharmacogenetic (Pharmocogenomic), drug interaction

- Resistancy: Basic Principle of resistance and mechanism of resistancy

2. 2nd semester:

a. Control System:

- Basic of Pharmacology: Drugs and its problems, absorption, distribution, bio-transformation, excretion, dosage-response relationship, clinical pharmacokinetic, drug level monitoring, non-therapeutic drug effect, factors that influencing pharmacology of drug, pharmacokinetic interaction, pharmacodynamic interaction, cascade of drug transcription, pharmacoeconomy, drug prescription matters

- Pharmacology of central nervous system

- Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system

- Pharmacology of endocrine system

b. Metabolism System:

- Pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas

- Pharmacology of thyroid gland

- Pharmacology of adrenal cortex

- Pharmacology of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

c. Hematological and Immunological System:

- Medications used in anemia: Oral iron supplementation and hematopoietic growth factors

- Medications used in bleeding and coagulation disorder: Anti-coagulation agent, fibrinolysis agent, anti-platelet agent, anti-thrombus agents, anti-hemorrhagic agent

- Medication that cause hemostasis disturbance

- Medications used in blood malignancy: Cytostatic drugs

- Immunopharmacology: Immunomodulator (basic concept of immunomodulator agents, antibodies as immuno-suppressive drugs, immunomodulating agents-cytokines), medications that (may) cause allergic and hypersensitivity reaction (NSAIDs, Antibiotic, etc.)

3. 3rd semester:

a. Reproductive System:

- Medications in pregnancy

- Uterotonic and tocolytic

- Medications in lactation (breastfeeding)

- Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic of female hormonal contraception

b. Growth and Development:

- Biological and physical requirement that effecting growth and development of infant and toddler: Medications affecting growth and development, exposure of active substance that affecting growth and development

4. 4th semester:

a. Dermatomusculoskeletal System:

- Pharmacology of leprosy medication

- Pharmacology of fungal skin infection

- Pharmacology of skin disease: Topical agents, corticosteroids

- Somatic sensation: Pharmacology of painkiller medication for dermato-musculo-skeletal system

- Bone metabolism and drugs used in bone disorders

b. Cardiovascular System:

- Pharmacology of anti-hyperlipidemia agent

- Pharmacology of vasolidator, anti-angina and anti-coagulant drugs

- Pharmacology of anti-hypertensive agents

- Pharmacology of anti-arrhythmia agents

- Pharmacology of cardiotonic, heart failure medication and diuretic

c. Respiratory System:

- Pharmacology of anti-tuberculosis medication: Isoniazide, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin, second-line drugs for tuberculosis (aminosalicylic acid, kanamycin, amikacin, etc.)

- Pharmacology of cough medication and asthmatic drug

5. 5th semester:

a. Genitourinary System:

- Pharmacology of Diuretic and anti-diuretic agent

- Medication that alter pH of urine 

- Pharmacological aspect of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) medication

b. Gastrointestinal System:

- Pharmacology of anti-emetic medication, prokinetic of the bowel movement, anti-spasmodic, anti-diarrhea medication

- Pharmacology of cholekinetic and choleretic 

- Pharmacology of bile acid therapy for gallstone

- Pharmacology of peptic ulcer

- Medication used in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

- Substance of medication that influencing digestion

- Drugs used to treat variceal hemorrhage

- Pharmacology of laxative (bulk forming laxative, osmotic laxative, stimulant laxative), stool surfactant (softener)

- Prescription in digestive system cases

- Drugs interaction of polypharmacy prescription in digestive system

- Route of entry for medication used in digestive system

c. Special Senses System:

- Medications that influencing visual acuity

- Medication that influencing hearing

- Pharmacology of nasal decongestant

- Medication that influencing smell

- Medication that influencing taste

6. 6th semester:

a. Brain and Mind System:

- Pharmacology of central nervous system: Ionized voltage-gated canal and ligand-gated  in neuronal membrane, drug mechanism in modulation of synaps transmission, excitatory of central neurotransmitter

- Pharmacology of analgesic: Pharmacology of opioid analgesic, pharmacology of opioid antagonist receptor, pharmacology of non-opioid analgesic

- Pharmacology of medication used in extrapyramidal disorder

- Pharmacology of anti epilepsy agent

- Pharmacology of medication used in headache and vertigo

- Pharmacology of narcotic and addictive substance (Narcotic-Alcohol-Psychotropic-Addictive substance)

- Pharmacology of anti-psychotic drug

- Basic pharmacology  of lithium and mood stabilizer drug

- Basic pharmacology of antidepressant

- Side effect of psychoactive drug

b. Emergency Medicine:

- Pharmacology in emergency cases or critical illness: Management of drug withdrawal, pharmacological therapy in emergency cases (dopamine, dobutamine, adrenaline, digoxine, amiodarone, anticonvulsants, medication used in hypertensive crisis, morphine, pethidine)

- Pharmacological therapy for drugs or substance poisoning

7. 7th semester:

a. Tropical Medicine:

- Medication used in tropical infection and disease: Chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics (betalactam, chloramphenicole, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, macrolides, quinolone, sulphate derivative), antivirus, antifungal, antelminthic, antiprotozoan, antimalaria

b. Family Medicine:

- Pharmacoeconomics: Pharmacoeconomics consider: cost-benefit, cost-utility, cost-effectiveness, Rational in prescription, cascade in prescription 

- National drugs policy, registration of national essential drugs, legislation of over the counter (OTC) medication 

- Determination of popular drug (P-drug), ambulatory drug therapy 

- Recommendation for prescription in children: special considerations, adverse drug reactions, therapeutic drug monitoring 

- Recommendation for prescription in geriatric: special considerations, adverse drug reactions, therapeutic drug monitoring 

- Traditional medicine: Definition, classification of traditional medicine in Indonesia, pharmacological aspect of traditional medicine, development of traditional medicine, special attention to traditional medicine

- Benefit of number need to treat (NNT) and number need to harm (NNH) in prescription of medication

c. Elective (Tropical Infectious Disease):

- Pharmacological aspect of anti malaria

- Pharmacological aspect of anti-retro viral drugs

d. Elective (Viral-Oncogene):

- Pharmacology of anticancer drugs

e. Basic Biomedical Science in Elective:

- Dosage-response relationship

- Route of drugs administration

- Non therapeutic effect

- Pharmacokinetic interaction

- Pharmacodynamic interaction

- Pharmacology of sympathetic autonomic nervous system and relation to clinical signs and symptoms

- Pharmacology of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system and relation to clinical signs and symptoms

- Factor that affecting pharmacology of drug

B. LABORATORY:

1. 2nd semester:

a. Control System:

- Posology of drug

- Writing technique of drug transcription

- Unmixed drugs interaction

b. Metabolism System:

- Metabolism of salicylic drug

- Calculation of drug dosage

2. 3rd semester:

a. Reproductive System:

- Detection of sulfonamide in urine

- Drug interaction for medication used in pregnancy and lactation, genital and reproductive matter

b. Growth and Development:

- Prescription of drugs and compounding drugs in peadiatric

- Drug interaction in polypharmacy drug prescription in paediatric

3. 4th semester:

a. Dermatomusculoskeletal System:

- Posology of topical medication and drug interaction of skin disease medication

- Effect of histamin and antihistamin in dermato-musculo-skeletal system

- Effect of local anesthetic drug in reducing pain effect in musculo-skeletal system

b. Cardiovascular System:

- Posology of drugs used in cardiovascular disease

- Drug interaction of polypharmacy prescription in cardiovascular cases

- Caffeine's effect in cardiovascular system

- Beta-blocker effect in cardiovascular system

c. Respiratory System:

- Pharmacology of drug used in respiratory system cases

- Posology of drugs used in respiratory disease

- Drug interaction of polypharmacy drug prescription in respiratory cases

4. 5th semester:

a. Genitourinary System:

- Medication that alter pH of urine

- Posology of drug used in genitourinary system cases

- Drugs interaction of polypharmacy drug prescription in genitourinary system

- Pharmacology of medication used in genitourinary system cases

b. Gastrointestinal System:

- Posology and route of entry for medication used in digestive system

c. Special Senses System:

- Agonis and supra agonis effect of medication used in ocular system

- Drugs interaction of polypharmacy drug prescription in eye and ENT cases

5. 7th semester:

a. Basic Biomedical Science in Elective:

- Drugs and therapeutic classes of drugs

- Calculation of dosage in pediatric drug

- Popular drug (P-drug) simulation from cases in hospital ward

- Prescription technique of ready-made drug and concoction drug

*This medical syllabus copied and edited from 1 manual book for 1st semester medical student, 3 manual books for 2nd semester medical student, 2 manual books for 3rd semester medical student, 3 manual books for 4th semester medical student, 3 manual books for 5th semester medical student, 2 manual books for 6th semester medical student and 2 manual books for 7th semester medical student from my university during my era. 
**The topic currently discussed in my university may different from this syllabus due to progression of medical knowledge and improvement of quality for medical syllabus based on my university assessment.

Basic Subjects For A Medical Student (Part 3a/7)

The purpose I share my medical syllabus during my era is to help me know the topic should I revise during my free time to improve my medical knowledge and to give an idea for future medical students about the topic they would learn in medical school.

Topic discussed during my 3rd Semester in Medical School:

A. CORE SUBJECTS:

1. Anatomy:

a. Reproductive System:

- Anatomy of female reproductive organ: Embryology of female reproductive organ, anatomy of pelvic, muscles of pelvic diaphragm, pelvic gaps, external female reproductive system, internal female reproductive organs, vascularization and innervation of reproductive organ, breast

- Anatomy of male reproductive organ: Embryology of male reproductive organ, gonad (testes), tract (extratesticular, intratesticular), glands (epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate, Cowper)

- Anatomy of male and female reproductive organ (laboratory topic)

b. Growth and Development:

- Development of bone and nervous system in children

2. Histology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Histology of female reproductive organ: Ovary, genital tracts, placenta, breast

- Histology of male reproductive organ: Testes, ductal systems (efferent duct, epididymis, Deferens duct, ejaculatory duct, urethra), exocrine ducts (seminal vesicle, prostate gland, seminal fluid, semen), penis (structure of copulation organ, bulbourethral gland-Cowper)

- Histological structure of female reproductive organ (laboratory topic)

- Histological structure of male reproductive organ (laboratory topic)

3. Physiology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Function and action mechanism of female reproductive hormones: Hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, testosteron

- Function and action mechanism of male reproductive hormones

- Normal pregnancy: Physiology during pregnancy, blood pressure during pregnancy and mother's adaptation during pregnancy

b. Growth and Development:

- Children growth and development: Effect of changing environment from intrauterine to extrauterine over multiple system inside children's body 

- Factor that affecting growth and development of children: Endocrine physiology during period of growth and developmental in children

4. Biochemistry:

a. Reproductive System:

- Biosynthesis and transportation of female reproductive hormones: hypothalamus, pituitary, ovarian hormones, testosterone hormone

- Biosynthesis and transportation of male reproductive hormones (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol)

- Malignancy of female reproductive organ: Molecular biology of carcinoma (oncogene and tumor suppressor gene, metastatic tumor, angiogenesis)

- Urine protein test (laboratory topic)

b. Growth and Development:

- Factor that affecting growth and development of children: Hormonal and growth factor in children's growth and development (growth hormone, IGF-1, IGF-2, EGF, insulin, thyroid and etc.)

5. Obstetric and Gynecology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Normal menstrual cycle (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary axis) and gynaecological examination method (abdominal and pelvic examination)

- Normal pregnancy: Morphological and functional development of fetus, antenatal care

- Complications in pregnancy: Hyperemesis gravidarum, premature rupture of membrane (PROM) and preterm premature of membrane (PPROM), hypertension in pregnancy, antepartum hemorrhage (APH), premature delivery, post-date delivery, Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and macrosomic baby, multiple pregnancy, disease and abnormality of placenta and amniotic membrane, genital abnormality, abortion (and miscarriage), ectopic pregnancy, endocrine disorder in pregnancy, haematological disorder in pregnancy, immunological disorder in pregnancy

- Antenatal diagnosis and therapy of inherited congenital fetal disorder (genetic disorder) and acquired congenital fetal disorder

- Normal delivery: Signs of labor, physical examination during in labor, intrapartum monitoring (CTG and partograph), mechanism of normal delivery, postpartum, lactation (breastfeeding)

- Complication during delivery: Dystocia, postpartum hemorrhage, puerperial infection

- Instrumental and operative delivery: Forceps assisted delivery, vacuum assisted delivery, breech presentation and breech delivery, cesarean section and postpartum histerectomy

- Female genital anomali

- Functional disorder of female reproductive system: Amenorrhea, dysfuctional uterine bleeding (DUB), hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, pituitary adenoma, hyperandrogenism, endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, menopause

- Family planning: Effectiveness of contraception, non-hormonal contraception. hormonal contraception, female sterilization

- Infertility: Female infertility

- Benign tumor of female reproductive organ: Benign tumor in vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, and ovary

- Malignancy of female reproductive organ: Malignancy in vulva, vagina, cervix, intraepithelial of cervix, uterus, ovary, gestational trophoblastic disease

- History taking in obstetric and gynaecology cases (skills laboratory topic)

- Physical examination in obstetric cases (determining gestational age) (skills laboratory topic)

- Physical examination in gynaecological cases (examination via vagina) (skills laboratory topic)

- Conducting normal delivery (skills laboratory topic)

- Papsmear and vaginal swab (skills laboratory topic)

b. Growth and Development:

- Children gynaecological problem: Gynaecological examination technique in children, gynaecological disorder in children

6. Nutrition:

a. Reproductive System:

- Normal pregnancy: Nutrition during pregnancy

- Nutrition during lactation (breastfeeding)

b. Growth and Development:

- Biological and physical requirement that affecting growth and development of infant and toddler: Nutritional requirement for every stages of growth, nutrition and family health education, affecting factors in determining type of food during growth and development period

7. Radiology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Diagnostic investigation in pregnancy: USG, radiological pelvimetry

8. Pharmacology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Medications in pregnancy

- Uterotonic and tocolytic

- Medications in lactation (breastfeeding)

- Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic of female hormonal contraception

- Detection of sulfonamide in urine (laboratory topic)

- Drug interaction for medication used in pregnancy and lactation, genital and reproductive matter (laboratory topic)

b. Growth and Development:

- Biological and physical requirement that effecting growth and development of infant and toddler: Medications affecting growth and development, exposure of active substance that affecting growth and development

- Prescription of drugs and compounding drugs in peadiatric (laboratory topic)

- Drug interaction in polypharmacy drug prescription in paediatric (laboratory topic)

9. Biology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Inherited congenital fetal disorder (genetic disorder) and acquired congenital fetal disorder: Genetic (chromosomal abnormalities, sex chromosomal abnormalities, genetic test)

10. Microbiology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Infection in pregnancy: Bacterial infection, viral infection

b. Growth and Development:

-  Factor that affecting growth and development of children: Pathogenic microorganism during growth and development (bacteria, virus, fungi)

11. Parasitology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Infection in pregnancy: Parasitic infection (Toxoplasmosis and Malaria)

b. Growth and Development:

- Factor that affecting growth and development of children: Parasitic infection

- Identifying infectious form of soil transmitted Helminths (laboratory topic)

12. Anesthesiology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Normal delivery: Analgesic and anesthetic in delivery, painless labor

- Operative delivery: Anesthetic in cesarean section, pre-operative and post-operative management in cesarean section delivery

- Malignancy in female reproductive organ; Management of cancer pain

13. Paediatric:

a. Reproductive System:

- Normal delivery: Neonatal care

b. Growth and Development:

- Growth and development: Basic concept of growth and development, structural-organ function-psychomotor development in neonatal and perinatal period

- Disorders in neonate and infant: Infection and seizure in neonate, high risk neonate, trauma during delivery process, endocrine disorder, respiratory problem in neonates, hyperbilirubinemia in neonate, hypothermia in neonate

- Structural-organ function-psychomotor-cognitive-emotional development in infant and toddler 

- Biological and physical requirement that effecting growth and development of infant and toddler: Breast milk and lactation: Management of lactation, feeding for infant and toddler

- Disorders during growth and development of children: Down's syndrome, disorders of thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, growth disorder, failure to thrive, disorder in motoric dan language development

- Structural-organ function-psychomotor-cognitive-emotional development in school-age children

- Growth and development monitoring: Nutritional status evaluation, early detection of growth and development disorder, management of nutritional status disorder

- Growth and development in adolescent: timing of puberty, structural-organ function-psychomotor-cognitive-emotional development in adolescent

- Affecting factors that contribute growth and developmental delay in adolescent: Puberty disorder, child abuse and neglected child

- Promotive-preventive-rehabilitation in children health: Demography, prevention of communicable disease, psychosocial in family and community level, optimization of basic needs of children, rehabilitation

- History taking in growth and development status (skills laboratory topic)

- Early detection technique in growth and development disorder (by using KPSP form) (skills laboratory topic)

- Early detection of autism and behavioral disorder in children (skills laboratory topic)

- Anthropometry examination in children (skills laboratory topic)

- Immunization procedure (BCG, Hepatitis/DPT) (skills laboratory topic)

14. Pathology (Clinical):

a. Reproductive System:

- Functional disorder of female reproductive system: Interpretation of reproductive system hormones

- Seminal fluid analysis and pregnancy test (laboratory topic)

b. Growth and Development:

- Common laboratory investigation (with its interpretation) done in neonate and infant 

- Laboratory investigation and interpretation for diagnosis of growth and development disorder

- Preparation of direct faecal smear specimen (skills laboratory topic)

15. Urology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Family planning: Male sterilization (vasectomy)

- Male infertility: Diagnosis (history taking, physical examination, laboratory investigation - seminal fluid analysis, adjunct test - urinalysis and hormonal assessment), causes (pretesticular - hypothalamus and pituitary disease, testicular - chromosomal disorder-gonadotoxin-systemic disease-testical trauma-defective androgen activity-cryptorchidism-varicocele, posttesticular -male reproductive tract obstruction-sperm motility disorder-impontency-hypospadia), treatment (surgical intervention - varicocele-vasovasostomy-epididimovasostomy-ejaculatory duct obstruction-electroejaculation-sperm aspiration by MESA and TESA-orchidopexy-pituitary ablation, non surgical intervention - specific: pyospermia-coital therapy-infertility immunology-medical therapy - medical empirical therapy: clomiphene citrate-tamoxifen-kalikreins-antioxidant therapy - growth hormone)

16. Oncology:

a. Reproductive System:

- Benign tumor of female reproductive organ: Benign breast tumor

- Malignancy of female reproductive organ: Breast cancer

- History taking in breast disorder cases (skills laboratory topic)

- Breast physical examination (skills laboratory topic)

17. Pathology (Anatomy):

a. Reproductive System:

- Histological feature of benign tumor in female reproductive organ (vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovary, and breast)

- Histological feature of malignancy in female reproductive organ (vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovary, and breast)

- Uterine myoma and ovarian cyst (laboratory topic)

- Endometriosis and cervical cancer (laboratory topic)

18. Psychiatry:

a. Growth and Development:

- Mental-emotional development in school-age children: Psychosexual-psychocognitive-psychosocial-moral development, disorder (and management) of mental-emotional development

*This medical syllabus copied and edited from 2 manual books for 3rd semester medical student from my university during my era. 

**The topic currently discussed for 3rd semester medical student in my university may different from this syllabus due to progression of medical knowledge and improvement of quality for medical syllabus based on my university assessment.